<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net/inc/astra/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1810-6528</issn>
		<eissn>1810-6536</eissn>
		<volume_number>4</volume_number>
		<issue_number>1</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/astra-4-1-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net/4/1/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net/4/1/2008/astra-4-1-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net/4/1/2008/astra-4-1-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1</start_page>
	<end_page>6</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-02-05</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Solar modulation during the Holocene</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>F. Steinhilber</name>
			<email>friedhelm.steinhilber@eawag.ch</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. A. Abreu</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Beer</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Eawag, Aquatic Science, Surface Waters &amp;ndash; Radioactive Tracers, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">We built a composite of three reconstructions of the solar modulation function
over the Holocene. The reconstructions until 1950 are based on data from
cosmogenic radionuclides and the present time (1951&amp;ndash;2004) on neutron monitor data.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Interpreting our composite as an index of solar activity, we were able
to compare the current solar activity with the last
9300 years. During this time span 25 periods with similar high activity than the current
period were found. That corresponds to about 15% of the time which lead to
the conclusion that currently the Sun is very but not exceptionally active.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Our composite has a large potential for studies dealing with solar activity like
the understanding of the solar dynamo and the reconstruction of solar forcing.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Burger, R. A., Potgieter, M. S., and B. Heber: Rigidity dependence of cosmic ray proton latitudinal gradients measured by the Ulysses spacecraft: Implications for the diffusion tensor, J. Geophys. Res., 105, A12, 27447&amp;ndash;27456, doi: 10.1029/2000JA000153, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Caballero-Lopez, R. A. and Moraal, H.: Limitations of the force field equation to describe cosmic ray modulation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A01101, doi:10.1029/2003JA010098, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Castagnoli, G. and Lal, D.: Solar Modulation Effects in Terrestrial Production of Carbon-14, Radiocarbon, 22, 133&amp;ndash;158, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Gleeson, L. J. and Axford, W. L.: Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays, Astrophys. J., 154, 1011&amp;ndash;1026, 1968. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Johnsen, S. J., Claasen, H. B., Dansgaard, W., Gundestrup, N S., Hammer, C U., Andersen, U., Andersen, K K., Hvidberg, C S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Steffensen, J P., Shoji, H., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, \&apos;A E., White, J., Jouzel, J., and Fisher, D.: The δ\chem^18O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26 397&amp;ndash;26 410, doi:10.1029/97JC00167, 1997.\vadjust </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Masarik, J., and Beer, J.: Simulation of particle fluxes and cosmogenic nuclide production in the Earth&apos;s atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 12 099&amp;ndash;12 111, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> McCracken, K. G., McDonald, F. B., Beer, J., Raisbeck, G., and Yiou, F.: A phenomenological study of the long-term cosmic ray modulation, 850&amp;ndash;1958 AD, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A12103, doi:10.1029/2004JA010685, 2004a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> McCracken, K. G.: Geomagnetic and atmospheric effects upon the cosmogenic \chem^10Be observed in polar ice, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A04101, doi:10.1029/2003JA010060, 2004b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> McElhinny, M. W. and McFadden, P. L.: Paleomagnetism: Continents and Drifts, Academic, San Diego, California, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Muscheler, R., Joos, F., Beer, J., Müller, S. A., Vonmoos, M., and Snowball, I.: Solar activity during the last 1 000 yr inferred from radionuclide records, Qua. Sci. Rev., 26, 82&amp;ndash;97, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.012, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> O&apos;Brien, K., Friedberg, W., Sauer, H.H., and Smart, D.F.: Atmospheric cosmic rays and solar energetic particles at aircraft altitudes, Env. Inter., 22, 9&amp;ndash;44, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Parker, E. N.: The passage of energetic charged particles through interplanetary space, Planet. Space Sci., 13, 9&amp;ndash;49 ,1965. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Solanki, S. K., Usoskin, I. G., Kromer, B., Schüssler, M., and Beer, J.: Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11 000 years, Nature, 431, 1084&amp;ndash;1087, doi:10.1038/nature02995, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Usoskin, I. G., Alanko-Huotari, K., Kovaltsov, G. A., and Mursula, K.: Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays: Monthly reconstruction for 1951&amp;ndash;2004, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A12108, doi:10.1029/2005JA011250, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Vonmoos, M., Beer, J., and Muscheler, R.: Large variations in Holocene solar activity: Constraints from \chem^10Be in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A10105, doi:10.1029/2005JA011500, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Webber, W. R., and Higbie, P. R.: Production of cosmogenic \chemBe nuclei in the Earth&apos;s atmosphere by cosmic rays: Its dependence on solar modulation and the interstellar cosmic ray spectrum, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1355&amp;ndash;1365, doi:10.1029/2003JA009863, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Yang, S., Odah, H., and Shaw, J.: Variations in the geomagnetic dipole moment over the last 12 000 years, Geophys. J. Int., 140, 158&amp;ndash;162, 2000. </reference>
	</references>
</article>
