Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net 1810-6528 1810-6536 2 2 2006 10.5194/astra-2-53-2006 http://www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net/2/53/2006/ http://www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net/2/53/2006/astra-2-53-2006.html http://www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net/2/53/2006/astra-2-53-2006.pdf 53 61 2006-08-08 The Sun's journey through the local interstellar medium: the paleoLISM and paleoheliosphere P. C. Frisch J. D. Slavin University of Chicago, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Over the recent past, the galactic environment of the Sun has differed substantially from today. Sometime within the past ~130 000 years, and possibly as recent as ~56 000 years ago, the Sun entered the tenuous tepid partially ionized interstellar material now flowing past the Sun. Prior to that, the Sun was in the low density interior of the Local Bubble. As the Sun entered the local ISM flow, we passed briefly through an interface region of some type. The low column densities of the cloud now surrounding the solar system indicate that heliosphere boundary conditions will vary from opacity considerations alone as the Sun moves through the cloud. These variations in the interstellar material surrounding the Sun affected the paleoheliosphere. Bohlin, R C., Savage, B D., and Drake, J F.: A survey of Interstellar H I from L-alpha Absorption Measurements, \apj, 224, 132–142, 1978. Cravens, T E.: Heliospheric X-ray Emission Associated with Charge Transfer of the Solar Wind with Interstellar Neutrals, \apjl, 532, L153–L156, 2000. Cravens, T E., Robertson, I P., and Snowden, S L.: Temporal Variations of Geocoronal and Heliospheric X-ray Emission Associated with the Solar Wind Interaction with Neutrals, \jgr, 106, 24 883–24 892, 2001. Crawford, I A. and Dunkin, S K.: Ultra-high-resolution observations of CaII ions in the Local Interstellar Medium, \mnras, 273, 219–224, 1995. Crawford, I A., Lallement, R., and Welsh, B Y.: Additional Ultra-high-resolution observations of CaII ions in the Local Interstellar Medium, \mnras, 300, 1181–1188, 1998. Dehnen, W. and Binney, J J.: Local Stellar Kinematics from Hipparcos Data, \mnras, 298, 387–394, 1998. Dutra, C M. and Bica, E.: A Catalogue of Dust Clouds in the Galaxy, \aap, 383, 631–635, 2002. Fahr, H J.: On the Influence of Neutral Interstellar Matter on the Upper Atmosphere, \apss, 2, 474–495, 1968. Fahr, H J.: The Extraterrestrial UV-Background and the Nearby Interstellar Medium, Space Science Rev., 15, 483–540, 1974. Fahr, H J.: Change of Interstellar Gas Parameters in Stellar-wind-dominated astrospheres Solar case, \aap, 66, 103–117, 1978. Ferland, G J., Korista, K T., Verner, D A., Ferguson, J W., Kingdon, J B., and Verner, E M.: CLOUDY 90: Numerical Simulation of Plasmas and Their Spectra, \pasp, 110, 761–778, 1998. Ferlet, R., Vidal-Madjar, A., and Lallement, R.: The Local Interstellar Medium in the Direction of Alpha Aquilae, \aap, 163, 204–209, 1986. Florinski, V., Zank, G P., and Axford, W I.: The Solar System in a dense interstellar cloud: Implications for Cosmic-ray Fluxes at Earth and $^10$Be records, \grl, 30, 5–1, 2003a. Florinski, V., Zank, G P., and Axford, W I.: The Solar System in a Dense Interstellar Cloud: Implications for Cosmic-Ray Fluxes at Earth and $^10$Be records, \grl, 30, 5–1, 2003b. Frisch, P. and York, D G.: Interstellar Clouds Near the Sun, in: The Galaxy and the Solar System, Univ. of Arizona Press, 83–100, 1986. Frisch, P C.: The Nearby Interstellar Medium, \nat, 293, 377–379, 1981. Frisch, P C.: G-Star Astropauses - A Test for Interstellar Pressure, \apj, 407, 198–206, 1993. Frisch, P C.: Morphology and Ionization of the Interstellar Cloud Surrounding the Solar System, Science, 265, 1423, 1994. Frisch, P C.: Characteristics of Nearby Interstellar Matter, ßr, 72, 499–592, 1995. Frisch, P C.: Journey of the Sun, prefixhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/astro-ph/9705231, 1997. Frisch, P C.: Local Interstellar Matter: The Apex Cloud, \apj, 593, 868–873, 2003. Frisch, P C.: Introduction: The Paleoheliosphere versus PaleoLISM, in Solar Journey: The Significance of Our Galactic Environment for the Heliosphere and Earth, edited by Frisch,~P C., in press, Springer, 2006. Frisch, P C. and Slavin, J D.: Short Term Variations in the Galactic Environment of the Sun, in press, 2006. Frisch, P C. and York, D G.: Synthesis Maps of Ultraviolet Observations of Neutral Interstellar Gas, \apjl, 271, L59–L63, 1983. Frisch, P C., Grodnicki, L., and Welty, D E.: The Velocity Distribution of the Nearest Interstellar Gas, \apj, 574, 834–846, 2002. Gry, C.: Local Clouds : Distribution, Density and Kinematics through Ground-Based and HST Spectroscopy, ßr, 78, 239–246, 1996. Gry, C. and Jenkins, E B.: Local clouds: Ionization, Temperatures, Electron Densities and Interfaces, from GHRS and IMAPS Spectra of $\epsilon$ Canis Majoris, \aap, 367, 617–628, 2001. Hébrard, G. and Moos, H W.: The Deuterium-to-Oxygen Ratio in the Interstellar Medium, \apj, 599, 297–311, 2003. Hebrard, G., Mallouris, C., Ferlet, R., Koester, D., Lemoine,~M., Vidal-Madjar, A., and York, D.: Ultraviolet observations of Sirius A and Sirius B with HST-GHRS. An interstellar cloud with a possible low deuterium abundance, \aap, 350, 643–658, 1999. Heiles, C. and Troland, T H.: The Millennium Arecibo 21 Centimeter Absorption-Line Survey. I. Techniques and Gaussian Fits, \apjs, 145, 329–354, 2003. Jenkins, E B. and Tripp, T M.: The Distribution of Thermal Pressures in the Interstellar Medium from a Survey of C I Fine-Structure Excitation, \apjs, 137, 297–340, 2001. Kruk,~J W., Howk,~J C., Andr\' e,~M., Moos,~H W., Oegerle,~W R., Oliveira,~C., Sembach,~K R., Chayer,~P., Linsky,~J L., Wood,~B E., Ferlet,~R., H\' ebrard,~G., Lemoine,~M., Vidal-Madjar,~A., and Sonneborn,~G.: Abundances of D, N and O toward HZ 43A: Results from the FUSE Mission, \apjs, 140, 19–36, 2002. Kuntz, K D. and Snowden, S L.: Deconstructing the Spectrum of the Soft X-Ray Background, \apj, 543, 195–215, 2000. Lallement, R., Welsh, B Y., Vergely, J L., Crifo, F., and Sfeir,~D.: 3-D Mapping of the Dense Interstellar Gas around the Local Bubble, \aap, 411, 447–464, \doi10.1051/0004-6361:20031214, 2003. Lehner, N., Jenkins, E., Gry, C., Moos, H., Chayer, P., and Lacour,~S.: FUSE Survey of Local Interstellar Medium within 200 Parsecs, \apj, 595, 858–879, 2003. Lemoine,~M., Vidal-Madjar,~A., Hébrard,~G., Désert,~J.-M., Ferlet,~R., Lecavelier des \'Etangs,~A., Howk,~J C., André,~M., Blair,~W P., Friedman,~S D., Kruk,~J W., Lacour,~S., Moos,~H W., Sembach,~K., Chayer,~P., Jenkins,~E B., Koester,~D., Linsky,~J L., Wood,~B E., Oegerle,~W R., Sonneborn,~G., and York,~D G.: Deuterium Abundance toward G191-B2B: Results from the FUSE Mission, \apjs, 140, 67–80, 2002. Leroy, J L.: Interstellar dust and magnetic field at the boundaries of the Local Bubble. Analysis of polarimetric data in the light of HIPPARCOS parallaxes, \aap, 346, 955–960, 1999. Lucke, P B.: The Distribution of Color Excesses and Interstellar Reddening Material in the Solar Neighborhood, \aap, 64, 367–377, 1978. M\" obius,~E., Bzowski,~M., Chalov,~S., Fahr,~H.-J., Gloeckler,~G., Izmodenov,~V., Kallenbach,~R., Lallement,~R., McMullin,~D., Noda,~H., Oka,~M., Pauluhn,~A., Raymond,~J., Ruci\' nski,~D., Skoug,~R., Terasawa,~T., Thompson,~W., Vallerga,~J., von Steiger,~R., and Witte,~M.: Synopsis of the Interstellar He Parameters from Combined Neutral Gas, Pickup Ion and UV Scattering Observations, \aap, 426, 897–907, 2004. Mathewson, D S. and Ford, V L.: Polarization Observations of 1800 Stars, \memras, 74, 139–182, 1970. McCammon,~D., Burrows,~D N., Sanders,~W T., and Kraushaar,~W L.: The Soft X-ray Diffuse Background, \apj, 269, 107–135, 1983. Mihalas, D. and Binney, J.: Galactic Astronomy, Freeman, San Francisco, 1981. Mueller, H R., Frisch, P C., Florinski, V., and Zank, G P.: Heliospheric Response to Different Possible Interstellar Environments, \apj, in press, 2006. Oliveira, C M., Hébrard, G., Howk, J C., Kruk, J W., Chayer,~P., and Moos, H W.: Interstellar D, N and O Abundances toward GD 246, WD 2331–475, HZ 21, and Lanning 23: Results from the FUSE Mission, \apj, 587, 235–255, 2003. Paresce, F.: On the Distribution of Interstellar Matter around the Sun, \aj, 89, 1022–1037, 1984. Pepino, R., Kharchenko, V., Dalgarno, A., and Lallement, R.: Spectra of the X-Ray Emission Induced in the Interaction between the Solar Wind and the Heliospheric Gas, \apj, 617, 1347–1352, 2004. Perry, C L. and Christodoulou, D M.: Interstellar Reddening in the Southern Hemisphere. II. Analysis of the uvby-Beta Observations, \pasp, 108, 772–816, 1996. Perry, C L. and Johnston, L.: A Photometric Map of Interstellar Reddening within 300 parsecs, \apjs, 50, 451–515, 1982. Perryman, M A C.: The HIPPARCOS Catalogue, \aap, 323, L49–L52, 1997. Redfield, S. and Linsky, J L.: Microstructure of the Local Interstellar Cloud and the Identification of the Hyades Cloud, \apj, 551, 413–428, 2001. Redfield, S. and Linsky, J L.: The Structure of the Local Interstellar Medium. II. Observations of D I, C II, N I, O I, Al II, and Si II toward Stars within 100 Parsecs, \apj, 602, 776–802, 2004a. Redfield, S. and Linsky, J L.: The Structure of the Local Interstellar Medium. III. Temperature and Turbulence, \apj, 613, 1004–1022, 2004b. Ripken, H W. and Fahr, H J.: Modification of the Local Interstellar Gas Properties in the Heliospheric Interface, \aap, 122, 181–192, 1983. Rogerson, J B., York, D G., Drake, J F., Jenkins, E B., Morton, D C., and Spitzer, L.: Spectrophotometric Results from the Copernicus Satellite. III. Ionization and Composition of the Intercloud Medium, \apjl, 181, L110–L114, 1973. Scherer, K.: Variation of the heliospheric shield and its influence on Earth, in: The outer heliosphere: beyond the planets, edited by Scherer,~K., Fichtner,~H., and Marsch,~E., Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany: Copernicus-Gesellschaft, ISBN 3-9804862-3-0, 327–355, 2000. Scherer, K. and Fahr, H J.: Breathing of Heliospheric Structures Triggered by the Solar-Cycle Activity, Ann. Geophysicae, 21, 1303–1313, 2003. Scherer, K., Fichtner, H., and Stawicki, O.: Shielded by the Wind: The Influence of the Interstellar Medium on the Environment of Earth, \jatp, 64, 795–804, 2002. Slavin, J D.: Consequences of a Conductive Boundary on the Local Cloud. I - No Dust, \apj, 346, 718–727, 1989. Slavin, J D. and Frisch, P C.: The Ionization of Nearby Interstellar Gas, \apj, 565, 364–379, 2002. Slavin, J D., Shull, J M., and Begelman, M C.: Turbulent Mixing Layers in the Interstellar Medium of Galaxies, \apj, 407, 83–99, 1993. Vallerga, J.: Observations of the Local Interstellar Medium with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer, ßr, 78, 277–288, 1996. Vergely, J.-L., Egret, D., Freire Ferrero, R., ~Valette, B., and Koeppen, J.: The Extinction in the Solar Neighbourhood from the HIPPARCOS Data, in: ESA SP-402: Hipparcos - Venice 97, 402, 603–606, 1997. Vergely, J.-L., Freire Ferrero, R., Siebert, A., and Valette, B.: NaI and HI 3-D Density Distribution in the Solar Neighbourhood, \aap, 366, 1016–1034, 2001. Welty, D E., Hobbs, L M., and Kulkarni, V P.: A High-resolution Survey of Interstellar Na I D1 lines, \apj, 436, 152–175, 1994. Welty, D E., Morton, D C., and Hobbs, L M.: A High-Resolution Survey of Interstellar Ca II Absorption, \apjs, 106, 533–562, 1996. Witte, M.: Kinetic Parameters of Interstellar Neutral Helium. Review of Results Obtained During One Solar Cycle with the Ulysses/GAS-instrument, \aap, 426, 835–844, 2004. Wolff, B., Koester, D., and Lallement, R.: Evidence for an Ionization Gradient in the Local Interstellar Medium: EUVE Observations of White Dwarfs, \aap, 346, 969–978, 1999. Wood, B E., Linsky, J L., H\' ebrard, G., Vidal-Madjar, A., Lemoine,~M., Moos, H W., Sembach, K R., and Jenkins, E B.: Deuterium Abundance toward WD 1634-573: Results from the FUSE Mission, \apjs, 91–102, 2002. Wood, B E., Redfield, S., Linsky, J L., Müller, H.-R., and Zank,~G P.: Stellar Lyα Emission Lines in the Hubble Space Telescope Archive: Intrinsic Line Fluxes and Absorption from the Heliosphere and Astrospheres, \apjs, 159, 118–140, 2005. Yeghikyan, A. and Fahr, H.: Effects Induced by the Passage of the Sun through Dense Molecular Clouds. I. Flow Outside of the Compressed Heliosphere, \aap, 415, 763–770, 2004. York, D G.: Lambda Sco, \apj, 264, 172–195, 1983. Zank, G P. and Frisch, P C.: Consequences of a Change in the Galactic Environment of the Sun, \apj, 518, 965–973, 1999.